The Osage Indian murders, also known as the Osage Reign of Terror, were a series of brutal killings that targeted members of the Osage Nation in Oklahoma during the 1920s. The Osage people had become incredibly wealthy due to the discovery of oil on their land, which led to their being dubbed the “richest people per capita in the world” at that time.
Unfortunately, this wealth made the Osage people targets for greed and violence. In the early 1920s, several Osage tribal members were mysteriously murdered, often through poisoning or other violent means. These killings were part of a sinister conspiracy to gain control of the lucrative oil rights and inheritance of the Osage people.
The case gained national attention and the FBI, then known as the Bureau of Investigation, was tasked with investigating the murders. The investigation uncovered a network of corruption, greed, and conspiracy involving prominent figures in the community, including some Osage tribal members, white settlers, and even hired hitmen.
One of the key figures in the conspiracy was Mollie Burkhart’s husband, Ernest Burkhart, who orchestrated the murders of several of Mollie’s family members in order to gain control of their wealth. The investigation eventually led to multiple arrests and trials, but many of those involved in the murders escaped justice.
The Osage Indian murders have been the subject of various books, articles, and documentaries, including “Killers of the Flower Moon” by David Grann, which sheds light on this dark chapter in American history and the devastating impact it had on the Osage people.
Key People
Lizzie Q


Lizzie Q was born in August 1848, in Kansas, United States. She married James Ne-Kah-Es-Sey Kyle in 1874, in Gray Horse, Osage, Oklahoma, United States. They were the parents of at least 7 daughters. She lived in Pawhuska, Osage, Oklahoma, United States in 1910 and Osage, Osage, Oklahoma, United States in 1920. She died on 17 July 1921, in Fairfax, Osage, Oklahoma, United States, at the age of 72, and was buried in Greyhorse Indian Village Cemetery, Gray Horse, Osage, Oklahoma, United States.
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Mollie Cobb


Mollie Cobb was at one time married to Earnest Burkhart. After her divorce from Earnest she married taking the last name Cobb. However, her short life will always be associated with the deeds of her husband, and his family. Mollie is buried at Greyhorse Indian Cemeteryn
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Henry Roan


On February 6, 1923, Henry Roan, also known as Henry Roan Horse, was found in his car on the Osage Reservation, dead from a shot in the head. Roan had a financial connection with Hale, having borrowed $1,200 from the cattleman. Hale fraudulently arranged to make himself the beneficiary of Roan's $25,000. Henry Roan is buried at Greyhorse Indian Cemetery
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Minnie Smith


Minnie was married to W.E. Smith (Who would later go on to marry her sister Rita). Minnie was an Osage Indian and at the time of her death in 1918 her death was listed as a u0022peculiar wasting diseaseu0022 It is now believed that she could have been one of the earliest victims in the Osage Indian Murders. Minnie is buried at Greyhorse Indian Cemetery
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Anna Kyle


The decomposing body of 36-year-old Anna Brown was discovered by local hunters in a remote ravine of Osage County on May 27, 1921. Despite being unable to find the killer, local authorities originally deemed her death accidental, attributing it to alcohol poisoning, and subsequently closed the case. Brown, who was divorced, had her estate awarded to her mother, Lizzie Q. Kyle, through probate proceedings. It was later revealed that Kelsie Morrison, a petty criminal, confessed to murdering Brown, claiming that he had been instructed to do so by William Hale, a prominent local rancher. Anna Kyle is buried at Greyhourse Indian Cemetery
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Bill & Rita Smith


On March 10, 1923, an explosion destroyed the Fairfax home of Anna's sister Rita Smith, resulting in the tragic deaths of Rita and her servant, Nettie Brookshire. Rita's husband, Bill Smith, was gravely injured in the blast and succumbed to his injuries four days later. Prior to his passing, Bill provided a statement identifying his suspected assailants and allocated his wife's estate. Subsequent investigations uncovered that the bomb that caused the devastation contained approximately 5 US gallons (19 L) of nitroglycerin. Bill and Rita Smith are buried at Greyhorse Indian Cemetery
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Nettie Brookshire died in the same explosion that killed Bill and Rita Smith.
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Hale Family

Willie, William, and Myrtie

William King Hale, was an influential figure in Osage County, Oklahoma. He gained notoriety for his involvement in the Osage Indian murders and was ultimately convicted for his crimes. Hale amassed his wealth through various illicit means including cattle ranching, contract killings, and insurance fraud.nnOriginating from Hunt County, Texas, Hale started his career as a cowboy in Texas and Indian Territory before establishing himself in Osage County in the early 1900s. As his power grew, he orchestrated the murders of the Kyle family in order to gain control of their valuable headrights. In 1929, he was found guilty in federal court for the murder of Henry Roan and received a life sentence. He was later released on parole in 1947.nnHale passed away in Arizona in 1962, leaving behind a legacy of crime and corruption in Osage County.n
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Willie Cohen (Hale) is the daughter of William and Myrtie Hale, she is located in Mission Chapel Mausoleum, Wichita, KS. n
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Myrtie M. Hale is buried in Lubbock City Cemetary in Texas. The same Cemetery that Buddy Holly is located in.n
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Others involved
Kelsey Morrison



Byron “Bryan” Burkhart was the bother of Earnest Burkhart and played a major role in the Reign of Terror . Despite his involvement he was never convicted of a crime and spent his days living as a free man. Byron is buried in Fairfax Cemetery
Kelsey Morrison
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Kelsie Morrison admitted he had killed Anna Brown at William Hale's request. Morrison was already serving time in November 1926 when he received a life sentence for Brown's murder. Byron Burkhart, Morrison's accomplice, turned state's evidence and was not tried for the crime. Morrision is buried at Greenhill Cemetery in Muskogee. n
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Henry Grammer


During the 1920s, Grammer was known as the key player in the moonshine industry in Osage County. He employed a group of local criminals that included thieves, robbers, and cattle rustlers.nnGrammer first crossed paths with rancher William King Hale in 1909 during a rodeo competition. When the Smiths' house was destroyed during the Osage Indian murders, Grammer provided an alibi for Hale, as they had attended the Fort Worth Fat Stock Show Rodeo together during the time of the explosion.nnOn June 14, 1923, Grammer tragically lost his life in a car crash near Shidler, Oklahoma, when his Cadillac spun out and overturned. In his book, David Grann suggests that William King Hale might have played a part in Grammer's untimely death by tampering with the car's steering wheel and brakes.
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Tom White


White was born on March 6, 1881, in Oak Hill, Texas. His father, Robert Emmet White, served as the Travis County sheriff, while his mother, Margaret White, passed away when Thomas was just six years old. He attended Southwestern University in Georgetown, Texas before leaving school early to travel the country and work various jobs in Oklahoma and California.nnIn 1905, White enlisted in the Texas Rangers alongside three of his siblings, serving until 1909. He then worked as a special agent for the Santa Fe Railway and the Southern Pacific Railroad before joining the Bureau of Investigation (BOI) in 1917. As head of the Houston office, he led the Osage murder investigation, utilizing undercover agents to gather vital information that led to multiple convictions.nnFollowing his time with the BOI, White became Warden of the Leavenworth Prison until 1931, when he was injured during a prison escape attempt. After recovering, he was transferred to La Tuna Federal Correctional Institution near El Paso, Texas, until his retirement in 1951. He then served on a board overseeing pardons and parole hearings in Texas until 1957.nnWhite lived out his retirement until his passing on December 21, 1971. Tom White is buried at Restlawn Memorial Park in El Paso, Tx.
Ernest Burkhart

Ernest George Burkhart (September 11, 1892 – December 1, 1986) was an American criminal involved in the Osage Indian murders, acting as a hired killer for his uncle William King Hale’s criminal organization. He was found guilty of the murder of William E. Smith in 1926, leading to a life sentence in prison. Burkhart was granted parole in 1937 but violated the terms by burglarizing his former sister-in-law’s home in 1940, resulting in another period of incarceration. Upon his final release in 1959, he received a pardon from Oklahoma governor Henry Bellmon in 1966 for his involvement in the Osage murders.
On January 4, 1926, a warrant was issued for the arrest of Hale and Ernest in connection with the murders of Bill and Reta Smith. While Ernest was promptly apprehended, Hale remained evasive. Eventually, Hale surrendered himself in a well-dressed fashion, wearing a finely pressed suit, polished shoes, and accessories, including a diamond-studded Masonic lodge pin on his coat lapel. Despite his insistence on innocence, federal agents directed their focus on interrogating Ernest, who eventually confessed and provided evidence against his uncle. When presented with Ernest’s testimony, Hale continued to deny his involvement in the crimes.
In July 1926, Hale and his accomplice John Ramsey were tried for the murder of Henry Roan in federal court in Guthrie, Oklahoma. This trial took place after the United States Supreme Court case of United States v. Ramsey (1926) established that federal courts had jurisdiction over the case. At the time of this trial, Ernest Burkhart had already received a life sentence in Oklahoma courts. While his uncle was eventually convicted of murder and sent to Leavenworth Penitentiary in Kansas in October 1929, Burkhart was found guilty on June 21, 1926, and incarcerated at the Oklahoma State Penitentiary in McAlester.
Released on parole in 1937 after serving 11 years, Ernest Burkhart found himself back in trouble three years later when he and Clara Mae Goad burglarized his former sister-in-law’s home, making off with 7,000(152,238 in 2023). The pair was swiftly apprehended, tried, and convicted of federal burglary charges. In 1940, Ernest received a seven-year prison sentence and had his parole revoked.
Despite this setback, Ernest was granted parole once more in 1959 and later received a pardon from Oklahoma governor Henry Bellmon in 1966 for his involvement in the Osage murders, following a tight 3-2 decision by the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board.
Upon his release, Burkhart returned to Osage County to live with his brother Byron before relocating to Cleveland, Oklahoma, where he resided in a modest trailer infested with mice. He passed away at the age of 94 on December 1, 1986, in Cleveland, coincidentally on what would have been Mollie Kyle’s 100th birthday. His will expressed a wish to be cremated and have his ashes scattered in the Osage Hills, a request that his son James did not fulfill, choosing instead to dispose of the ashes by throwing them over a bridge.
Byron “Bryan” Burkhart

Byron u0022Bryanu0022 Burkhart was the bother of Earnest Burkhart and played a major role in the Reign of Terror. Despite his involvement he was never convicted of a crime and spent his days living as a free man. Byron is buried in Fairfax Cemetery.n
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